French and Indian War Siege of Fort William Henry

The Siege of Fort William Henry took place August 3-9, 1757, during the French Indian War (1754-1763). Though tensions between British and French forces on the frontier had been growing for several years, the French Indian War did not begin in earnest until 1754 when Lieutenant Colonel George Washingtons command was defeated at Fort Necessity in western Pennsylvania. The following year, a large British force led by Major General Edward Braddock was crushed at the Battle of the Monongahela attempting to avenge Washingtons defeat and capture Fort Duquesne. To the north, the British fared better as noted Indian agent Sir William Johnson led troops to victory at the Battle of Lake George in September 1755 and captured the French commander, Baron Dieskau. In the wake of this setback, the governor of New France (Canada), the Marquis de Vaudreuil, directed that Fort Carillon (Ticonderoga) be constructed at the south end of Lake Champlain. Fort William Henry In response, Johnson ordered Major William Eyre, the military engineer of the 44th Regiment of Foot, to build Fort William Henry at the southern shore of Lake George. This position was supported by Fort Edward which was located on the Hudson River approximately sixteen miles to the south. Built in a square design with bastions on the corners, Fort William Henrys walls were approximately thirty feet thick and consisted of earth faced with timber. The forts magazine was located in the northeast bastion while a medical facility was placed in the southeast bastion. As constructed, the fort was meant to hold a garrison of 400-500 men. Though formidable, the fort was intended to repel Native American attacks and was not constructed to withstand enemy artillery. While the northern wall faced the lake, the other three were protected by a dry moat. Access to the fort was provided by a bridge across this ditch. Supporting the fort was a large entrenched camp located a short distance to the southeast. Garrisoned by the men of Eyres regiment, the fort turned back a French attack, led by Pierre de Rigaud in March 1757. This was largely due to the French lacking heavy guns. British Plans As the 1757 campaign season approached, the new British commander-in-chief for North America, Lord Loudoun, submitted plans to London calling for an assault on Quebec City. The center of French operations, the citys fall would effectively cut off enemy forces to the west and south. As this plan moved forward, Loudoun intended to take a defensive posture on the frontier. He felt this would be feasible as the attack on Quebec would draw French troops away from the border. Moving forward, Loudoun began assembling the forces needed for the mission. In March 1757, he received orders from the new government of William Pitt directing him to turn his efforts towards taking the fortress of Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island. While this did not alter Loudouns preparations directly, it dramatically changed the strategic situation as the new mission would not draw French forces away from the frontier. As the operation against Louisbourg took priority, the best units were assigned accordingly. To protect the frontier, Loudoun appointed Brigadier General Daniel Webb to oversee the defenses in New York and gave him 2,000 regulars. This force was to be augmented by 5,000 colonial militia.   The French Response In New France, Vaudreuils field commander, Major General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm (Marquis de Montcalm), began planning to reduce Fort William Henry. Fresh from a victory at Fort Oswego the previous year, he had demonstrated that traditional European siege tactics could be effective against forts in North America. Montcalms intelligence network began providing him with information that suggested that the British target for 1757 would be Louisbourg. Recognizing that such an effort would leave the British weak on the frontier, he began assembling troops to strike south. This work was aided by Vaudreuil who was able to recruit around 1,800 Native American warriors to supplement Montcalms army. These were sent south to Fort Carillon.  Assembling a combined force of around 8,000 men at the fort, Montcalm began preparing to move south against Fort William Henry. Despite his best efforts, his Native American allies proved difficult to control and began mistreating and torturing British prisoners at the fort. Additionally, they routinely took more than their share of rations and were found to be ritually cannibalizing prisoners. Though Montcalm desired to end such behavior, he risked the Native Americans leaving his army if he pushed too hard. The Campaign Begins At Fort William Henry, command passed to Lieutenant Colonel George Monro of the 35th Foot in the spring of 1757. Establishing his headquarters in the fortified camp, Monro had around 1,500 men at his disposal. He was supported by Webb, who was at Fort Edward. Alerted to the French build up, Monro dispatched a force up the lake which was routed at the Battle of Sabbath Day Point on July 23. In response, Webb traveled to Fort William Henry with a detachment of Connecticut rangers led by Major Israel Putnam. Scouting north, Putnam reported the approach of a Native American force. Returning to Fort Edward, Webb directed 200 regulars and 800 Massachusetts militiamen to reinforce Monros garrison. Though this increased the garrison to around 2,500 men, several hundred were ill with smallpox. On July 30, Montcalm ordered Franà §ois de Gaston, Chevalier de Là ©vis to move south with an advance force. Following the next day, he rejoined Là ©vis at Ganaouske Bay. Again pushing ahead, Là ©vis camped within three miles of Fort William Henry on August 1. Armies Commanders British Lieutenant Colonel George Monro2,500 men French Native Americans Marquis de Montcalmapprox. 8,000 men The French Attack Two days later, Là ©vis moved south of the fort and severed the road to Fort Edward. Skirmishing with Massachusetts militia, they were able to maintain the blockade. Arriving later in the day, Montcalm demanded Monros surrender. This request was rebuffed and Monro sent messengers south to Fort Edward to seek aid from Webb. Assessing the situation and lacking sufficient men to both aid Monro and cover the colonial capital of Albany, Webb responded on August 4 by telling him to seek the best surrender terms possible if forced to capitulate. Intercepted by Montcalm, the message informed the French commander that no aid would be coming and that Monro was isolated. As Webb was writing, Montcalm directed Colonel Franà §ois-Charles de Bourlamaque to commence siege operations. Digging trenches northwest of the fort, Bourlamaque began emplacing guns to reduce the northwest bastion of the fort. Completed on August 5, the first battery opened fire and battered the forts walls from a range of about 2,000 yards. A second battery was finished the next day and brought the bastion under crossfire. Though Fort William Henrys guns responded, their fire proved relatively ineffective. In addition, the defense was hampered by a large portion of the garrison being ill. Hammering the walls through the night of August 6/7, the French succeeded in opening several gaps. On August 7, Montcalm dispatched his aide, Louis Antoine de Bougainville, to again call for the forts surrender. This was again refused. After enduring another day and nights bombardment and with the forts defenses collapsing and the French trenches coming closer, Monro hoisted a white flag on August 9 to open surrender negotiations. Surrender Massacre Meeting, the commanders formalized the surrender and Montcalm granted Monros garrison terms which allowed them to keep their muskets and one cannon, but no ammunition. In addition, they were to be escorted to Fort Edward and were prohibited from fighting for eighteen months. Finally, the British were to release the French prisoners in their custody. Housing the British garrison in the entrenched camp, Montcalm endeavored to explain the terms to his Native American allies. This proved difficult due to a large number of languages used by the Native Americans. As the day passed, the Native Americans looted the fort and killed many of the British wounded which had been left within its walls for treatment. Increasingly unable to control the Native Americans, who were eager for plunder and scalps, Montcalm and Monro decided to attempt to move the garrison south that night. This plan failed when the Native Americans became aware of the British movement. Waiting until dawn on August 10, the column, which included women and children, formed and was provided with a 200-man escort by Montcalm. With the Native Americans hovering, the column began moving towards the military road south. As it exited the camp, the Native Americans entered and killed seventeen wounded soldiers that had been left behind. They next fell upon the rear of the column which largely consisted of the militia. A halt was called and an attempt was made to restore order but to no avail. While some French officers attempted to halt the Native Americans, others stepped aside. With Native American attacks increasing in intensity, the column began to dissolve as many of the British soldiers fled into the woods. Aftermath Pushing on, Monro reached Fort Edward with around 500 people. By the end of the month, 1,783 of the forts 2,308-man garrison (on August 9) had arrived at Fort Edward with many making their own way through the woods. In the course of the fighting for Fort William Henry, the British sustained around 130 casualties. Recent estimates place losses during the massacre of August 10 at 69 to 184 killed. Following the British departure, Montcalm ordered Fort William Henry dismantled and destroyed. Lacking sufficient supplies and equipment for pushing on to Fort Edward, and with his Native American allies leaving, Montcalm elected to withdraw back to Fort Carillon. The fighting at Fort William Henry gained increased attention in 1826 when James Fenimore Cooper published his novel Last of the Mohicans. In the wake of the forts loss, Webb was removed for his lack of action. With the failure of the Louisbourg expedition, Loudoun was relieved as well and replaced by Major General James Abercrombie. Returning to the site of Fort William Henry the following year, Abercrombie conducted an ill-fated campaign that ended with his defeat at the Battle of Carillon in July 1758. The French would finally be forced from the area the in 1759 when Major General Jeffery Amherst pushed north.

The Variations Of Stability By Johnny Truant - 1738 Words

The Variations of Stability Johnny Truant is first introduced to the reader characterized as a drunken, unstable individual in a bar. His ramblings of a drunken brawl with two men in which he loses and ends up paying them money for, establishes Johnny as a narrator with little to no credibility. In chapter five, Johnny recounts the story in which he encounters a young girl who is a local stripper, who Johnny refers to as â€Å"Thumper†. Thumper is described as somebody who is irresponsibly risquà ©, and even shameful in her morals and beliefs which she attributes in the life she lives, amid drugs, random sexual encounters, and other behaviors that the common person would deem â€Å"unstable†. The average person considers â€Å"stable† to be somebody with a†¦show more content†¦She is somebody who isn’t exactly up to standard in what is deemed a stable life, but she is stable relative to Johnny’s lifestyle. We can look to the average white/blue collar career with a ni ne to five work week, a satisfactory salary, and monogamous relationship as defining what is â€Å"stable†. Thumper is shown to be the opposite of â€Å"stable† as she embodies all of Johnny’s lifestyle choices, making her an unreliable narrator with little to no moral value. Even though she is an unreliable narrator, her consistency in Johnny’s life is greater than that of other characters. Lude is an enabler to Johnny’s behavior, as he only condemns his actions on a few occasions. Lude never cuts contact off with Johnny in attempt to be at his side to help him, yet there is never any clear attempt on the part of Lude to try and get professional help for Johnny. During Johnny’s obsession with Zampano’s novels, he shouts at a customer abruptly causing Thumper to scold him, and warns him about his inappropriate behavior. It eventually leads to thumper to be prompted to fire him, and telling him he needs to seek professional help. This is the first time in which somebody disciplines Johnny for his behavior. Thumper is the first person in Johnny’s life to ever hold him accountable for his actions. This transaction between Johnny and Thumper can be compared to a a mother kicking her child

Communication Studies Reflection Free Essays

Communication Studies Reflection â€Å"It Shouldn’t Hurt To Be A Child† The scene takes place in a doctor’s office. David and Sarah Thompson have brought in their 10-year-old son Michael because of an ankle sprain. As the doctor enters the room, Michael is sitting on the examination table in shorts and a T-shirt with a bare right foot and ankle. We will write a custom essay sample on Communication Studies Reflection or any similar topic only for you Order Now Mr. and Mrs. Thompson are sitting in chairs close to him. Doctor: So, you are Michael. I am Dr. Gupta. Nice to meet you Michael. [shakes Michael’s hand] How are you doing today? Michael: Okay. Doctor: [turning to Mr. and Mrs. Thompson] And are you Michael’s parents, Mr. and Mrs. Thompson? Nice to meet you. [extends hand to shake] Mrs. Thompson: Nice to meet you also. [shakes hands with doctor] Mr. Thompson: Charmed I’m sure [shakes hands with doctor] Doctor: Ok.. [turning back to Michael] So what brings you in today, Michael? Michael: I hurt my ankle. Doctor: How did this happen? Michael: I was skateboarding and, I don’t know [pauses and looks over to his parents] I guess I just slipped or something? Doctor: When did this hap†¦.? [Mrs. Thompson intrudes] Mrs. Thompson: He did it about three days ago but last night I noticed he was still limping and I thought I ought to bring him in. I don’t think it’s broken, do you? Doctor: Well, let me take a look first. [begins to examine ankle] I’m just going to take a look at your foot. Is that sore? Michael: Ouch! Yes it hurts! Mr. Thompson: Stop being ah fool an leh de docta check yuh foot fuh meh please! Mrs. Thompson: [at Mr. Thompson] Oh gosh.. yuh doh hadda talk to him so.. [Mr. Thompson eyebrows frown together] Mr. Thompson: I ask yuh anything! [Mrs. Thompson remains quiet] Doctor: That’s okay. Let me just do one more thing. I’m going to raise your foot. [raises ankle] Michael: Owwww! Mr. Thompson: MICHAEL! Behave yuh self boy! pinches Michael on the arm] How much times I hadda talk tuh yuh. [Michael begins to cry] Doctor: [looks at Mr. Thompson in disgust] It’s okay, Michael.. [notices bruise in proximal fibular area] What happened here? Michael: I don’t know [pauses] I guess I fell another time. Mr. Thompson: He’s a really clumsy kid. I keep telling him to sta y off that skateboard, but he just doesn’t listen. Doctor: [scanning both of Michael’s legs, stopping over left femur] And here? Another fall? Michael: Yeah, sure†¦ Mr. Thompson: I told you, he’s clumsy, but could you please get back to his ankle? Doctor: [continuing to examine Michael’s arms] Michael, can you take your shirt off for me please? Mr. Thompson: [getting a bit edgy] Doctor, we came in for his ankle. Could you please get back to his ankle? Michael takes off his shirt at the Doctor’s insistence. Doctor: [examines Michael, pausing over several spots on arms and back] Michael, you have a lot of bruises. Some are older than others. What’s been going on? Mr. Thompson: [getting more agitated] Steups, Doctor I rel eh understand wah is de purpose of dis non-sense. I payin my money fuh you to check he foot we could get back to his ankle please. Doctor: I have some concerns. Michael has a lot of injuries and some of them seem to have occurred at different times. When we see that in a child we worry that perhaps the injuries were not all accidental. Mr. Thompson: [rolls eyes] So wah yuh gettin at? Doctor: I’m not getting at anything. I am just saying that for Michael’s safety, we need to check a few things beyond his ankle. For this reason, I am going to have one of our social workers come and talk to you, your husband and Michael. Mr. Thompson: [getting more upset] I rel nuh in de mood fuh dis, yu eh have de right tuh do dat. Doctor: Actually, I do have the right. It’s the law. The main reason I’m doing it is to be sure that Michael is safe at home and I’m sure that is what you want, too. Raising kids can be very tough, sometimes we can all use a little help. Mr. Thompson: look! docta wah nonsense yu tellin mi bout help and how tuh raise mi son, I look like I need any help? If he harden I go beat some manners in tuh he. I is ah big man nobodi gwine tell mi wah and wah nuh tuh do, suck salt eh! I gwine from here! Mr. Thompson storms out the office Doctor: [shouts] Mr. Thompson where are you going? [Looks at Mrs. Thompson as she bursts into tears] Mrs. Thompson: [crying] Doctor please help me! Scene fades How to cite Communication Studies Reflection, Essay examples

Logistics and Supply Chain Management International Trade

Question: Discuss about the Essay for Logistics and Supply Chain Management of International Trade. Answer: 1: Global Trade: The global trade is also known as International trade. International trade is the import and export of goods and services across the boundaries all over the globe. The goods and services entering the country for the purpose of sale are known as imports while the goods and services that leave a country for sale are known as exports. One of the fundamental concepts that underlie the global trade is the comparative advantage that was developed by David Ricardo in the 19th century. Absolute advantage and comparative advantage are the two concepts that are used in the international trade or Global trade. But, there is a lot of difference between absolute advantage and comparative advantage. Absolute advantage: Absolute advantage is that which compares the productivity of the different economies or producers. A producer is said to have an absolute advantage if that producer requires smaller quantity inputs for producing a good. The figure below explains the amount of output produced by country A and country B in a given period of time. As seen in the below figure country A uses less time as compared to country B for making either the clothing or the food. It can be seen that 6 units of food are made by country A and only one unit is made by country B. In other words it can be said that Country A has an absolute advantage over country B in making both the clothing and the food. Output per day of work Food Clothing Country A 6 3 Country B 1 2 Comparative advantage: Comparative advantage means the ability of producing the goods and services at a lower opportunity cost than any other. It is said that even when one country is having an absolute advantage in producing all the goods and services other country can still have comparative advantage.(Roth 2000) If any country has a comparative advantage over the another then it is possible that both can be benefited from the trading this is because this is due to the reason that each of the party will receive a good at a price that would be lower than the opportunity cost at which the good will be produced. (Annoynomous 2012)For Example, consider two countries, country A and country B. In country A the opportunity cost is 2uints of food for producing 1 unit of clothing but in country B it is only 0.5 units of food. Since the opportunity cost is lower in country B for producing clothing then it can be said that country B has comparative advantage. (Cua 2012) 2: Factors for economic growth and development of international trade: The economic growth process is a very complex phenomenon that is highly influenced by various factors like the economic factors, social factors, cultural factors and political factors.(annoynomous 2010) Some economists believe that the capital is the most important requirement for economic growth and therefore they lay great emphasis on the formation of capital so that economic development can be brought.(Guru 2010) Following are the factors that determine the economic growth and development: Economic Factors: The various economic factors that affect the economic growth and development are: Capital Formation Conditions in foreign trade Natural Resources Economic system(Nitisha 2014) Marketable surplus of agriculture Growth of population Non Economic Factors: Human Resources Political freedom(Chand 2012) Corruption Technical know how Desire to develop Social organization Other factors: Supply of the resources Technological progress Capital form action Importance of the various factors affecting the economic growth and development: These factors are considered very important because these factors have a very much impact on the development and growth of the economy. (Blaguer 2002)Without these factors the economy cannot succeed. These factors are very important for every organization that is planning to trade internationally because before entering the international markets the organization needs to be very well aware of the various factors that might have a bearing on the business of the company. Proper study of these factors can prove out to be very advantageous for the economy as a whole. If the business does not go through these factors properly then there are chances that the business might have to face failure in the global economy. Answer 3: There have been lots of changes in the traditional organizational structures and the related models of the business as the companies are getting more and more involved in the outsourcing manufacturing and various logistical activities like warehousing, transportation and other fulfillment. All these activities impact largely to the supply chain and the activities that are related to the service. (Beomon 2000)The collaboration that is indicated requires coordination that is effective among the various parties so that the customer level is ensured, like the on-time delivery, reliability and the complete orders. There are many challenges that are faced by the supply chain managers . More volatility is introduced by the globalization. It is considered that the supply chain will experience various challenges with strikes, lockouts, weather, terrorism etc. it is very important for proper customer service that there is flexibity and responsiveness through the supply chain. (Stephe n 2007)There are long distances covered by the expanded networks that are complex. There are many organizations that are powered by smaller organization and individuals in contrast to the countries. The ingredients that are critical to the new era include communications and technology that are connected with the four corners all over the globe. While in the first era the countries were given boundaries that seeked materials and the second era often seek the companies with markets, goods and labor. There are new management systems and new technology. It can be concluded finally that the new technology has the power to create vast changes in an organization. The production processing can also be changed by the technology and this may also influence the skills of the employees that are being used by them on the job. There have been many changes in the organization over the period of time. The sizes of the organizations have started growing from small organizations to large organizations. Earlier there were only small organizations but now there are large organizations as well. (Kenneth H. Wathne 2004)It has been observed that there has been lots of changes in the traditional organizational culture as compared to the contemporary organizational structure. There is a familiar power dynamic employed by the traditional organizational culture. Under the traditional organizational culture there is a leader who gives orders and others are expected to follow the orders given by the leader. Impacts of changes in the organization: There are various positive as well as negative impacts of the organizational change. Some of the positive impacts of change on the organization are: Change is beneficial for the management: The organizational change is very beneficial for the management as they can make decisions for achieving the organizational goals rather than the individual interest.(Cooper 2004) Leads to efficiency of work: As there are various new ways and advancement in technology it helps in improving the efficiency of work as the time taken to complete a task is reduced by the advancement in the technology.(Keller Stank 2011) Saves time and effort: The effort and the time of the employees is saved due to various changes in the organization and the employees are in a position to spend more time on important and urgent tasks rather than spending time on an individual tasks. Improves the productivity: The productivity of the organization increases manifold due to various advancements in technology and changes in the organizational culture. Coordination in communication: The communication among the various groups in an organization improves by better technology and the work is performed with high speed. The goods can reach early: The time taken for the goods to reach the customers has reduced with the technology advancement, now the goods can reach the customers in less time as compared to traditional structures.(Witting 2009) 4: Basically, Supply chain is an essential element for the efficient operation of the business. The companies can apply supply chain management for the customer satisfaction and the success in the organization that includes cultural evolution and improvement in the quality of life. The supply change management is very important for the organization due to various reasons: Supply chain helps in boosting the business: The customer service is impacted by supply chain management and makes sure that the right product is delivered to the customers and the right quantity is delivered in a timely fashion. Along with this the products shall be made available where the customers expect them to be. Customer shall also receive quality after the sale of the product.(Srivastwa 2007) Improvement in the bottom line: Supply chain management has a tremendous impact on the bottom line. The supply chain is valued by the firms due to the reason that they decrease the usage of the fixed assets like the plants, transportation vehicles and warehouses. Improvement in the customer service: The supply chain management helps in the improvement of the customer service by providing g them better product quality on time.(University Alliance 2008) Elimination of the redundant elements and processes: Various unimportant elements and the processes are eliminated from the business with the help of the supply chain management that helps in saving the time and energy of the organization.(Bosak 2014) Creation of effective relationship: The supply chain management helps in creating effective relationships between the business and the employees hence leads to the success of the organization.(Ravallion 2012) Synchronization of planning and implementation: The supply chain management helps in the proper synchronization of the various plans and its proper implementation. 5: It is very true that the time and distance has compressed according to the latest definition of global economy. There were many challenges that were faced by the trade in the earlier times which has very well overcome by the supply change management. There were many safety issues over the past few years with the food, car parts, toys and medications that caused various illness and deaths due to which the business men had to face various losses in the business and trade. But now various traceability strategies have been adopted by various organizations in the global world that has helped the organizations a lot. There are broad traceability strategies that range from paper based system to higher level RFID and GPS that are put in place so that there is a change in the technology and changes in the government requirements as well. The various risk based decisions and value are made by the organizations about traceability. It is also agreed by the supply chain professional managers t hat due to traceability there will be an improvement and expansion of the technology that will make it further cost-effective. Due to globalization various large and the small companies expanded. The business operations of various organizations have expanded to a very great extent. There is a great globalization process created by the transportation and globalization. The old and the traditional methods of the globalization were very complex and customized and the countries exercised the control before the era of globalization. Earlier the goods were transported by ships and roads.(Chegg. 2001) The deliveries of these goods were not certain rather it was uncertain till the ocean vessel reached the destination. The communication was also not very good and coordinated so that the transportation activities could be tracked but now these challenges have been very well overcome. Now the communication, transportation and computer related technology have made it very convenient for the various communities of the business so that they can meet face to face or through special information technology. Now it is not required to wait for an extended period for some business to be done.(Coyle Langley 2004) The impacts of compression: The various impacts of the compression of the time and distance on the global trade are: Improvement in the communication: due to the advancement of technology there has been a great improvement in the communication among the organizations and the consumers. Timely delivery of goods: The goods can now reach the consumers on time which is a very positive thing and leads to less wastage of the goods due to the wear and tear in the transit. Coordination and tracking of the goods: Due to the advancement of technology now the where about of the goods can be easily known which was not possible earlier. 6: Importance of Customer service: There are both opportunities and threats that have been created by the current marketing environment. As there are very fast changes in the global environment for the development of the business enterprise.(Wierzbiski 2009) The need of shippers is becoming very complex as the 21st century global logistics world is quickly changing. If there is a development of custom are centric approach for the various organizations in which the customers are considered as focal point for all the different activities, processing and decisions. In an organization that is customer centric each person will be able to understand its responsibility so that it can meet the demands and wants of the customers and will automatically add value to the experience of the customer. Adaptation of the customer centric approach is the best strategy for the logistic companies so that they can compete successfully in the 21st century and service based global economy. The logistic ind ustry has been made more competitive due to globalization. The logistic industry has been made more competitive and existing at the top benchmarks by the help of globalization. (Annonymous 2012) Yes, it is true that the service provided to the customers is more important than lowering the price. For winning the customers it is very important that the businesses have differentiated product provided to them. According to various recent surveys it has been found that the businesses are responding by spending more on the services to the customer service. It is seen that 68% of the businesses are increasing their investment in this department.(Shai 2015) There are basically four reasons as to why the companies shall spend on improving the customer service: Better customer service improves the loyalty of the customers It improves the retention of the customer It also helps in increasing the acquisition of the customer. Bibliography Annonymous 2012, community kinaxis, viewed 14 July 2016, https://community.kinaxis.com/people/dustinmattison1974/blog/2012/06/21/customer-service-importance-in-supply-chain. annoynomous 2010, Economy Watch, viewed 14 July 2016, https://www.economywatch.com/international-trade/economic-growth.html. Annoynomous 2012, boundless.com, viewed 14 July 2016, https://www.boundless.com/economics/textbooks/boundless-economics-textbook/international-trade-31/introduction-to-international-trade-124/absolute-advantage-versus-comparative-advantage-493-12589/. Beomon, B 2000, 'Measuring supply chain performance', International Journal of Operations Production Management, vol 19, no. 3, pp. 275-292. Blaguer, J 2002, 'Tourism as a long-run economic growth factor: the Spanish case', Taylor Francis, vol 34, no. 7. Bosak, M 2014, Web2, viewed 14 July 2016, https://web2.vslg.cz/fotogalerie/acta_logistica/2014/1-cislo/3_bosak.pdf. Chand, S 2012, yourarticlelibrary, viewed 14 July 2016, https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/economics/factors-that-influence-the-economic-development-of-a-country/5942/. Chegg. 2001, Supply Chain Management, 9th edn. Cooper, H 2004, 'Changes in personorganization fit: The impact of socialization tactics on perceived and actual PO fit', European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, vol 13, no. 1, pp. 52-78. Coyle, J Langley, J 2004, Supply Chain Management: A Logistics Perspective. Cua, A 2012, 'VOLATILITY, LABOR MARKET FLEXIBILITY, AND THE PATTERN OF COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE', Journal of the European Economic Association, vol 10, no. 2, pp. 225-254. Guru, S 2010, yourarticlelibrrary, viewed 14 July 2016, https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/economics/factors-that-determine-economic-growth-and-development-of-a-country/38250/. Keller, S Stank, P 2011, 'SUPPLY CHAIN COLLABORATION AND LOGISTICAL SERVICE PERFORMANCE', Journal of Business Logistics, vol 22, no. 1, pp. 29-48. Kenneth H. Wathne, JBH 2004, 'Relationship Governance in a Supply Chain Network.', Journal of Marketing, vol 68, no. 1, pp. 73-89. Nitisha 2014, economicsdiscussion, viewed 14 July 2016, https://www.economicsdiscussion.net/economic-growth/5-factors-that-affect-the-economic-growth-of-a-country/4199. Ravallion, M 2012, 'Welfare Impacts of China's Accession to the World Trade Organization'. Roth, Y 2000, 'An empirical analysis of sustained advantage in the US pharmaceutical industry: Impact of firm resources and capabilities', Strategic Managment Journal. Shai 2015, Fonolo, viewed 14 July 2016, https://fonolo.com/blog/2015/10/why-customer-service-is-more-important-than-you-think/. Srivastwa, S 2007, 'Green supply-chain management: A state-of-the-art literature review', International Journal of Management Reviews, vol 9, no. 1, pp. 53-80. Stephen 2007, 'Modelling Supply Chain Dynamics', A journal of the decison sciences, vol 29, no. 3, pp. 607-632. University Alliance 2008, University of San Franciso, viewed 14 July 2016, https://www.usanfranonline.com/resources/supply-chain-management/what-is-the-importance-of-supply-chain-management/#. Wierzbiski, B 2009, rusnauka.com, viewed 16 July 2016, https://www.rusnauka.com/15_NPN_2009/Economics/46763.doc.htm. Witting, C 2009, cymdn.com, viewed 15 July 2016, https://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.odnetwork.org/resource/resmgr/odp/odp-v44,no2-wittig.pdf.